Julia L. Mickenberg is the author of the new book American Girls in Red Russia: Chasing the Soviet Dream. She also has written Learning from the Left and co-edited Tales for Little Rebels. She is associate professor of American studies at the University of Texas at Austin.
Q: How did you come up with
the idea for American Girls in Red Russia?
A: It’s a bit of a long
story, but as a child of the Cold War, I had been interested in the Soviet
Union for some time, and even toyed with becoming a Russian Studies major in
college… but back then I gave up studying Russian after two years because it
was so much harder than French, which had come quite easily to me.
Fast forward to writing my
dissertation in American Studies, and the book that followed it, on children’s
literature and radical politics.
Reading radical and also
progressive and liberal periodicals in the course of doing that research, I
encountered a great deal of material portraying the Soviet Union in a positive
light, and repeated emphasis on resources and programs focused on women and
children.
This despite the fact that much
of the scholarship dealing with the U.S. left says little about the “new
Russia’s” significance for a broad cross-section of radicals, progressives and
liberals. It was as if scholars were afraid to consider this issue.
I became generally interested
in the way in which perceptions of the Soviet Union influenced Americans’ ideas
about their own society and their relation to it, and thought of writing
something about U.S. education and the Soviet Union as a way of continuing my
research on childhood.
But I became interested
specifically in women through my discovery of Ruth Epperson Kennell’s Siberian
adventures, the subject of chapter three. She got me thinking of the Soviet
Union’s particular appeal to American women, which I say more about below,
especially as I realized that this topic was significant and also had almost
nothing written about it.
Q: What were some of the most
common reasons that these women chose to move to Russia?
A: As I discuss in an early
chapter of the book, a fair number of women came as relief workers, or “child
savers,” during the famine of 1921-1923. Many were shocked by reports of
starvation and disease, but they were especially concerned because the famine
threatened all that might be.
As Helen Keller noted, “I
feel more than ‘sympathy’ with the destitute children of Russia… I love them
because round them clings the sanctity of the ideals and aspirations, the
incredible courage and sacrifice of a people who uphold the hope of humanity…”
Before the revolution there
was already a tradition among American feminists of admiring female Russian
revolutionaries, whose “tenderness” made them so appalled by injustice that
they felt compelled to take up arms.
Later, after the Bolshevik victory,
U.S. women were attracted to the fact that women gained the vote right after
the revolution, that abortion became free and legal and divorce was simplified,
and that a range of measures were put into place to put women on par with men.
Although there were never
enough of them and their quality varied, public dining halls, laundries, and
other facilities were all supposed to eliminate what Lenin referred to as
“household drudgery” and allow women to join the workforce and the public
sphere as equal players. Generous maternity policies and factory crèches were
supposed to allow women to be mothers and workers.
And all of these measures
were thought to facilitate a new ideal of comradely love, wherein economic
incentives were removed from marital relations.
Beyond these specifically
gendered things, the Soviet Union was the site of the most dramatic events on
the world’s stage in the 1920s and 1930s.
It had world-renowned
theatre, artistic and literary experiments, music, film and exciting
innovations in education, architecture, you name it. Theatre professionals came
to train with the most innovative directors of the time. Dancers came so that
they might have the experience of embodying the revolutionary ethos in their
own movements.
During the Great Depression,
when work in the United States was scarce, there were plenty of jobs in the
Soviet Union. Jewish women wished to visit a country in which anti-Semitism had
been eliminated (in theory). African-American women wanted to visit a country
in which racism had been eliminated (in theory).
Finally, there was something
forbidden about Soviet Russia, whose very existence was a kind of challenge to
the United States and all that it stood for. The discomforts one endured to be
part of building a new society were part of the attraction, as was the whiff of
danger.
In actuality, the discomforts
that foreigners experienced were nothing compared to those that the Russian
people themselves endured because of the material shortages. And the whiff of
danger became very real for some people, especially by the late 1930s, as all
foreigners were suddenly suspect.
Q: Did most of the women you
researched aspire to live permanently in Russia, or just stay there
temporarily?
A: Most of the women I studied
at did not see themselves moving permanently to Russia. In fact, the original
title of my book was “The New Woman Tries on Red: Russia in the American
Feminist Imagination.” I very much saw most of them “trying on” or trying out
the “Soviet experiment.”
Women who actually stayed on
in the Soviet Union almost inevitably lost the sense of idealism that had
brought them there, especially if they gave up American citizenship and the
privileges that came with it.
Q: How did you research this
book, and what surprised you most in the course of your research?
A: I spent more than 10 years
working on this book, although I did a number of other things during that time
as well.
In addition to reading
related relevant scholarship and published magazine and news articles from the
time I was looking at, the bulk of my research involved looking at intimate
sources (diaries, letters, unpublished memoirs, notebooks, etc.) in archives,
and reading those against public expressions.
I was interested in the gap
between what people thought privately and what they professed to a wider
audience. So I looked at the personal papers of a wide variety of women who had
spent time in Russia or the Soviet Union: Ruth Epperson Kennell (at the
University of Oregon); Anna Louise Strong (at the University of Washington);
Pauline Koner (at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts); Dorothy
West (at the Schlesinger Library); Louise Thompson Patterson (at Emory
University); Anna Strunsky Walling (at Yale); Emma Goldman (in several
different archives); Margaret Bourke White (at Syracuse University); Milly
Bennett (Hoover Library); Jessie Lloyd O’Connor (Smith College); Lillian
Hellman (here at UT).
I also looked at institutional
records: the American Friends Service Committee (at the Friends Library in
Philadelphia) and their British partners (at the Friends Library in London); CPUSA
collections (at NYU); the Comintern’s papers (some on microfilm at NYU and some
in Moscow); records of VOKS (the Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign
Countries, also in Moscow); Intourist (the Soviet travel bureau, also in
Moscow); the Socialist Revolutionaries (Amsterdam); settlement houses; the
National Woman’s Party (Library of Congress).
I acquired FBI files. I
interviewed the children of several people: the son Mignon Verne/Mary Garland,
who had spent a year in Moscow with the Isadora Duncan dance school; the
daughter of Louise Thompson Patterson, who led a group of African Americans to
Moscow to perform in a film about U.S. race relations; the daughter of Seema
Allan, who worked as a journalist for the Moscow News, the first
English-language newspaper in the Soviet Union.
I guess that’s kind of an
overwhelming list, and it’s not anywhere near complete. My biggest surprise in
the course of working on this book was that I actually enjoyed studying
Russian, and so kept at it longer than I might have, despite how much trouble I
had actually learning it.
I started sitting in on
Russian language classes just after I got tenure at UT, and I loved getting to
be a student instead of a teacher, and taking classes just to learn, without
having to be graded.
After four years as a
not-very-good student I was able to achieve my goal of being able to work in
Russian archives, but a good measure of my skills, especially as a speaker (I
did slightly better as a reader), was that in the Comintern archives I heard
one librarian say to another about me, “Boy, her Russian is really bad.”
Proudly, I answered back, in Russian, “Not that bad.”
In terms of the research
itself one thing that surprised me was that my ambivalent feelings about the
Soviet Union remain, even after so many years of researching it. There truly
was a lot to be excited about, but there was paranoia, repression, and
violence, as well as deprivation, regimentation, mismanagement, pettiness,
greed, and corruption, on all sides, from the very beginning.
In a way it makes sense that
the best book about the Great Terror is a work of fiction, Bulgakov’s Master
and Margarita. The facts are themselves too hard to fathom. It was surprising
sometimes to find that people could find ways to reconcile these things.
One of the people I most
enjoyed researching was Milly Bennett, who made funny, cynical, and
occasionally wise comments in her letters to friends while writing punchy and
often poetic journalistic pieces, like the 1932 exposé of “American Girls in
Red Russia,” which was written for a syndicated magazine, and from which the
book takes its title.
It was she who wrote in a
letter to a friend, “The thing you have to do about Russia is what you do about
any other ‘faith.’ You set your heart to know they are right. . . . And then,
when you see things that shudder your bones, you close your eyes and say . . .
‘facts are not important.’”
Q: What are you working on
now?
A: Right now I’m chairing the
Department of Slavic and Eurasian Studies and directing the Center for Russian,
East European, and Eurasian Studies (just for a year, allowing my friend Mary Neuburger
to go on a research leave), making it hard to do sustained research.
However, I’m working on
several smaller projects and thinking about a few larger ones. I’m doing an
edition of Madeleine Z. Doty’s writings on the Bolshevik Revolution, which was
in the midst of happening when she arrived in Russia as part of a trip around
the world to document women’s experiences on the home front during World War I.
She wound up staying for
several months in Russia and writing one of the most vivid accounts of the
revolution, but right now it’s buried in a book that discusses several other
countries as well, including China, Sweden, Germany, and England. I’m writing
an introduction and annotating/footnoting the text.
I’m also doing research for
what will probably be an article—but could conceivably be a book—on Ruth
Epperson Kennell’s professional and personal relationship with Theodore
Dreiser.
Kennell comes up throughout American
Girls in Red Russia, but I don’t say much about the four months she spent as
Dreiser’s private secretary, or the fact that their relationship continued for
the rest of his life. And years after his death Kennell published a book about
Dreiser’s experiences in Russia, based primarily on the diary she kept for him.
I’m interested not just in
how she served him but also how he aided her career and helped her efforts to
promote the Soviet Union to a younger generation in the 1960s.
I’m also writing an article
on women, the Russian revolution, and the first Red Scare that will most likely
focus on Doty, Emma Goldman, and Rose Pastor Stokes, all of whom had intensely
personal relationships to the Russian Revolution and all of whom strongly felt
the effects of the 1919 Red Scare.
I’ve got two future book
projects in mind, one dealing with the writer and activist Eve Merriam, and the
other dealing with Second-Wave feminism.
--Interview with Deborah Kalb
No comments:
Post a Comment