Gail Lord is the co-author of the new book Cities, Museums, and Soft Power. Barry Lord is the author most recently of Art & Energy: How Culture Changes. The Lords, who have written many other books, founded Lord Cultural Resources in 1981, and are internationally known museum planners. They are based in Toronto.
Q: Gail, in your book you define “soft power” as “the
ability to influence behavior using persuasion, attraction or agenda setting.”
How do cultural attractions like museums play a role, and how is that role changing?
GL: The last chapter gives 32 examples of the ways museums
can do that—being more accessible, particularly with people in the community…I
was inspired recently by seeing what the Baltimore museums and libraries are
doing. They’ve extended hours to welcome the community in, they’ve made
resources available.
The book suggests lowering admission and free admission as
an important piece. The number one aspect, [which is reflected in] the title,
is for museums to work with cities, not be apart from them.
Q: Yes, I was going to ask you about free admission. What is
the impact of free admission on museums?
GL: The data is very clear. Free admission was instituted to
all British national museums, and attendance rose by 30 to 50 percent. The
British collect data on social class, and it shows that attendance broadened in
terms of the social class of people attending museums.
But if museums are not interesting, it’s like a product,
nobody is going to take it. This move of the British museums coincided with a
period of improving the museums’ [attractions].
Q: Here in D.C., many of the museums are free.
A: It’s a challenge to the Baltimore museums. The Washington
museums are free and well visited. [But] the monuments are more visited than
the museums. Even when it’s free, the public makes definite choices.
Q: Barry, in your book you write that “we rarely consider how dependent art
and culture are on the energy that is needed to produce, practice and sustain
them.” How did you select the types of energy on which to focus?
BL: I tried to cover all the energy sources there are. I
start with the mastery of fire and go all the way through. I do discuss social
as well as natural energy sources…The most important has been slavery….
Q: How does slavery fit in with the other energy sources
you’re examining?
BL: I explain how slavery [is] a form of energy. The first
thing is to understand what the social sources of energy are…we are the only
species that reaches outside the energy sources we have—food, the energy structure
in plants, animals—that is the natural process.
As soon as I started looking, you start with the mastery of
fire, the culture of the hearth, communities, I realized the community around
the hearth [involved] cooperation.
Individual man was hopeless as a hunter—not fast enough,
teeth not sharp enough—we were better as prey than as hunters. Normally we are
not hunters, but we became effective through cooperation. It was a way of
increasing our energy efficiency.
Cooperation evolves into control, and that leads into the
culture of collective identity…nationalism, patriotism, religious identity.
Then you can start looking at what are other ways we can make energy more
efficient, and that led me to look at slavery—using the energy of other people
you control.
A culture that gives some people the right to complete
control over the lives of others is an extension of collective identity. The
collective identity of the slave-owner and of the slave are very different.
It’s an extension of the social sources of energy in a very vicious way…
I was able to discuss this with Dr. Lonnie Bunch, the
director of the new Museum of African American History and Culture that’s about
to open in Washington, and he was struck by the thesis, and agreed that nobody
had put their finger on that aspect of slavery…
Q: Gail, in your book you talk about the role of women in
soft power. Is that role similar in different parts of the world?
GL: The role of women in soft power is related to a broader
discussion of civil society and the not-for-profit world, which is very much
welcoming to women in the ranks and also in the executive level.
Soft power is most effective when the agenda-setting is
executed by the independent not-for-profit sector. If you look at the data, you
can see that women are more welcome in positions of authority in the nonprofit
sector, including museums…This also applies to cities; more women are elected
than on the state or federal [level].
There’s a preponderance of women’s influence in those
arenas. Does it vary around the world? It probably does. There’s more female
influence where there are more civil society institutions….
Q: One of your essays in the book deals with human rights
cities. What did Atlanta and Winnipeg do to meet this designation?
GL: It’s not really an official designation. Basically, each
of these cities determined [they would focus on the issue]. They opened human
rights museums last fall; [the timing] was just a coincidence.
In the case of Atlanta, it had a strong civil rights
tradition, with the Jimmy Carter [Center] and the Martin Luther King Archive,
and now the civil rights museum….it becomes a form of informal city branding.
Winnipeg didn’t have all these institutions, but it has the
University of Manitoba, with a strong human rights educational component to it.
We’ve had a very important commission looking into the maltreatment of Canadian
indigenous and aboriginal people….that commission deposited its archives at the
University of Manitoba.
In Winnipeg, they have a very large museum—it is a national
museum, a very large institution, the equivalent of the Smithsonian. Even
though it was a public-private initiative, it does have the full resources of a
national museum.
Winnipeg decided it would designate itself a human rights
education city. They have a human rights issue—10 percent of the population is
aboriginal or indigenous; it’s a high percentage….
Not all the native people are marginalized, poor, oppressed.
There are educated, middle-class people, professors, lawyers. But the vast
majority [of indigenous people] live in substandard conditions. The museum
established free admission for indigenous people. Other people get free
admission for being members…
Q: Is there anything else we should know about either of
your books?
GL: Where people can buy the books!
BL: My book is on Amazon, the standard sources—it’s
published by the AAM Press and it’s at their bookshop, online. I also have a
blog, artandenergybarrylord.wordpress.com.
I would say one thing that one should notice—the real focus
of the book is in the latter part, which focuses on renewable energy. There’s a
transition going on now. The culture of stewardship is in conflict with the
culture of consumption that came to us with oil and gas. It needs to be
questioned because we have the option of renewable energy…it’s a conflict of
culture.
GL: My book is only a week old. You can order it at www.lord.ca/softpower. It
will be a couple of months before people can get it on Amazon.
There was a big article about the book in our local paper
here in Toronto; there’s been a warm reception to that article. People are
saying museums need to be more engaged with the community. People love museums,
but they feel they’re standoffish. I think the bigger message is that we are
now living in an urban world.
It’s not just about museums having soft power—but soft power
used to be about countries. I think the new idea of the book is that cities
have soft power, and most museums are in cities. There are 80,000 museums in
the world, that are by and large punching below their weight. This idea has
captured a lot of attention.
--Interview with Deborah Kalb
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