Andrew Maraniss is the author of the bestselling book Strong Inside, now available in a new edition for young readers. It tells the story of the basketball player Perry Wallace, and how he broke college basketball's color line. Maraniss, who was associate director of media relations for Vanderbilt University's athletic department and media relations manager for the Tampa Bay Rays, lives in Brentwood, Tennessee.
Q: Why did you decide to write about Perry Wallace?
A: It goes back to when I was 19 years old, 27 years ago. I
was a sophomore at Vanderbilt; I had a sportswriting scholarship and was a
history major.
I read about Perry and the racism directed at him—[during
one game] at halftime he sat in the locker room holding hands with his one
black teammate, Godfrey Dillard, trying to get the strength to get back for the
second half.
I was taking a black history course, and I asked my
professor if I could write a paper about Perry Wallace, and she said of course.
I interviewed him; I wrote two papers about him. I was the sports editor of the
school newspaper, and I wrote columns about him. We stayed in touch.
Eight years ago, I decided I wanted to write a book. I
e-mailed him and asked, would you be willing to spend the time it would take
for all these interviews to do this? He said yes.
Q: Why did you decide on a young readers edition of Strong
Inside?
A: It wasn’t my idea at first! I was in a coffee shop in
Nashville, and the book [reporter] for The Tennessean was interviewing Ruta
Sepetys, who has had great success with her books for young adults.
The Tennessean writer introduced us, and [Ruta] said she had
heard of my book, and thought it would make a great book for kids. She wanted
to introduce me to her publisher, Philomel. It was out of the kindness of
Ruta’s heart!
She said they are interested in people under the radar and
in sports, and the race aspect might be interesting. I sent the book to
Philomel, and they read it and linked it. I’ve always felt Nashville was a nice
place like that—you make connections—and Ruta really exemplified that.
Since I’ve gotten into it, I think the book potentially
could be more important than the original, especially with what’s going on in
the country right now—there’s a deep divide, racial divisions…
I’m hoping a book that tells the story of a courageous,
smart, strong African American young man will appeal to kids, every kid. It
will be an inspiring story for people who relate to Perry Wallace and provide
an opportunity for empathy and understanding from other kids.
Q: What are some of the changes from one version of the book
to the other?
A: The main change is that it’s much shorter! It’s
one-quarter the length. I had to cut one of four words and still hope it makes
sense—it’s a great exercise!
It turned out to be fun—it gets right into the action now. I
was given advice, don’t dumb it down at all, [kids are] smart and good readers.
Some of the various back stories were eliminated, and it focuses more tightly
on Perry Wallace’s own experience.
The first chapter is different—it jumps right to the game at
Mississippi State that he considered hell on earth. The reader feels the
tension from the opening chapter.
Q: What age group do you think will especially like it?
A: Age 10-14, though I think it will extend to older readers
as well, up into high school and even adults. It doesn’t read like a children’s
book.
Q: How did Wallace’s upbringing in Nashville affect him?
A: There are two ways to look at it. One is the support and
strength he found—he called it his cocoon. The positive aspect, ironically, to
segregation was the strong black community in Nashville near Fisk University,
Tennessee State University, Meharry Medical University, Jefferson Street with
its thriving black businesses.
Pearl High School was the crown jewel of the community;
every African-American person in Nashville went to Pearl, and there was great
pride associated with it. The teachers were people who were incredibly smart;
they had master’s degrees but were denied opportunities in the professional
world.
All his parents’ kids went to college. There was a lot of
warmth and support from his family and his neighborhood.
On the other side, he was growing up in a segregated city.
As a 12-year-old, he watched sit-ins. He was fully aware of the craziness of
the situation. His goal as a kid was to get out, and he saw basketball as a way
to do that.
Q: You describe Wallace’s decision to attend Vanderbilt as
“a turning point in history.” What were some of the reasons for its importance?
A: His mom, who was a cleaning lady downtown, would bring
home magazines, and [the kids] would see pictures of a world they didn’t know
in Nashville.
Part of that possibility for him was to use basketball as a
way out. He was recruited by a number of schools in the North and the West, but
on recruiting trips he felt black athletes were exploited for their athletic
ability. His term was, I’m not going to trade one plantation for another.
He began to consider Vanderbilt, which would have been
impossible two years earlier when it was still segregated. He was impressed by
the engineering department, by the [basketball program] and by the way the
coach treated his parents with respect.
[The school had recently] appointed a new progressive
chancellor, Alexander Heard, who thought he could send a signal by making a
bold move in the athletic realm and encouraged the coach to recruit a black
player….it made a lot of sense on both sides. Perry understood how difficult
this was going to be, not just on campus but while touring…colleges all over
the South.
Q: You describe Wallace’s difficult experiences with racism,
for example when Vanderbilt played Ole Miss. How was he able to withstand the
treatment he received as an African-American basketball player in the South
during that period?
A: It took tremendous courage, more than people even
imagine. He had to do it all by himself. After freshman year, there were no
other African-American teammates. His coaches and teammates didn’t go out of
their way to be difficult but they [weren’t especially helpful].
His family had a deep expression of faith, and his mom said
to put on the full armor of God. He also had an understanding of the proper
pioneer’s response to the situation. He embraced the role of the pioneer, and
part of that was not quitting. As hard as it was, he knew he had to complete
the assignment.
He’s also a very strong person—that’s where the title comes
from—physically, mentally, emotionally. I don’t think most people could have
done it, but Perry Wallace had the resolve.
There’s a story in the book where his [older] sister shows
up in Perry’s kindergarten class and the teacher was out of the room and the
kids were going berserk. There was only one kid—[Perry]-- at his desk doing his
work. [She said she knew] her little brother would always do the right thing.
Q: Beyond his huge decision to become the player who
desegregated the SEC, what was Wallace’s role in the day-to-day civil rights
struggle during his time at Vanderbilt?
A: A lot of athletes are unwilling to get involved in things
beyond sports. That wasn’t the case with Perry Wallace. He was picked even as a
freshman to lead a meeting with Chancellor Heard.
[In addition,] there was an issue during his college career
about the interstate, I-40, being built through Nashville; it was going to
destroy black neighborhoods. He had a choice to speak out, and risk alienating
white Vanderbilt alums. He made the choice to speak out about it, about the
impact on businesses along Jefferson Street. That was a small thing, but a
brave decision on his part.
When Martin Luther King was assassinated, there was a
peaceful march, and Perry wanted to participate. With all the violence taking
place around the country, he was concerned that the administration at
Vanderbilt would perceive his participation the wrong way, that he was
encouraging violence.
He was always thinking many steps ahead. Before he
participated, he went to the athletic department and laid out exactly what he
was doing, that it was a peaceful march. He was able to get their buy-in, but
do exactly what he wanted.
Q: What was his attitude toward the antiwar movement?
A: He told me that a lot of white people on campus who were
sympathetic to how black students were being treated were also antiwar. Hanging
out with those people, he began thinking more skeptically about the war. He was
seeing high school friends not coming back from the war, or being profoundly
changed by it.
His inner feelings were antiwar, but he was conflicted. He
said he didn’t need another battlefield; it was already difficult challenging
segregation. On top of that, being vocal about the war was more than he [could
deal with] at that time….
Q: What did Perry Wallace think of the book?
A: It’s been really gratifying. He said for decades he was a
forgotten man. I think he’s pleased that people can appreciate his story. After
he left Vanderbilt in 1970, he was not invited back until 1989. It’s improved;
he has a good relationship with Vanderbilt now.
He came back to Nashville…for a series of events relating to
the book, and it was really, really emotional. We had a crowd at the downtown
library of more than 400 people.
We had a line of people [including] older white people with
tears in their eyes, apologizing, saying, I wish I had known what you were
going through. We went to his high school, and people talked about what an
inspiration he had been. It was really touching….
The book is now the required read for freshmen, and he has
been back to campus several times in conjunction with that.
Q: How long did it take to write the book?
A: Eight years. The first interview was in 2006 with Roy
Skinner, Perry’s coach. I interviewed more than 80 people. The first few years
were the research, and then the writing.
Q: What are you working on now?
A: I have a few book ideas still in the proposal phase.
I’m a contributor to the website The Undefeated, which is
part of ESPN focused on race, sports, and culture. I have enjoyed writing
long-form articles.
The most recent one is about the bloodiest Election Day in
American history, about the Ocoee Massacre in 1920, a lynching and burning of
an entire African American neighborhood. I thought it was very relevant to this
year’s election.
Q: Anything else we should know?
A: A couple of things. I attended a conference for Tennessee
school librarians to see how they select books. They would say, My boys will
love this book.
Part of me is excited to hear that—you hear about boys that
age who are reluctant readers. There’s a cool action basketball shot on the
cover, and they might pick It up, and it’s about more than sports. It’s a true
civil rights story of someone overcoming obstacles and succeeding.
And it’s not just seen as a book for boys—girls are
basketball fans too, and can relate to feeling different and being bullied…This
is a book for everyone.
[Also] I’m eager and interested in traveling around the
country to schools. If anyone is interested, I would love to hear from people.
--Interview with Deborah Kalb. For a previous version of this Q&A, please click here.
