Preston Lauterbach is the author of the new book Beale Street Dynasty: Sex, Song, and the Struggle for the Soul of Memphis. He also has written The Chitlin' Circuit, and he lives near Charlottesville, Virginia.
Q: Why did you decide to write
about the history of Beale Street, and also about the history of the Church
family?
A: It just unfolded. It wasn’t as if I decided I was going
to write a history of Beale Street and I know the Church family are the bosses
of Beale Street. I was interested in the whole story of black culture
there--there are so many significant people influenced by living there. I felt
like the whole collective story of how it happened hadn’t been told.
Once I started asking questions about how Beale Street
started, and who the significant people had been, Robert Church was the first
name that came up. Every huge figure led back first to Robert Church. The two
big ones for me were W.C. Handy, the father of the blues, and Ida B. Wells, the
great anti-lynching activist and journalist.
Living in Memphis, you catch a breeze from both of these
characters. That’s how I got into Church. Church operated on the scene, and
behind the scenes. He emerged as a really complex figure. He was credited as
being the South’s first black millionaire, an impressive achievement.
What isn’t as well understood is how he was able to build up
that fortune, which is largely the substance of the book—how a man born in
slavery became the developer of a red-light district in downtown Memphis.
Q: How did you research the book, and what surprised you
most in the course of your research?
A: The book opens with Robert Church in the Civil War during
the Battle of Memphis. He had a superb knack—he managed to be in the middle of
everything….
In 1862, Union ships busted through the Confederate defenses
and took the city. Robert Church was on the deck of his father’s steamboat.
Legend has it that he jumped off the steamboat and established himself.
Numerous histories factor into that two-paragraph anecdote. I try to bring as
many different sources to bear on what I’m writing—to understand what it looked
like, sounded like, smelled like to be there.
Another key sequence is the Memphis Riot. That was a blood
and fire orgy for three days in 1866. It had tremendous national significance.
Robert Church was also in the middle of this.
It was a nationally important event and was investigated by
Congress—they interviewed tons of people. They did a top-down study—down to
Robert Church’s tremendously visceral account of white policemen in Memphis
invading Robert Church’s saloon, shooting him in the head and leaving him for
dead….
Q: You describe both the politics and the music that came
out of Memphis over several decades. How were the two linked?
A: Really critically, I think. There are two major figures
synonymous with Memphis [during that period]—Mayor [E.H.] Crump, and the
composer, the father of the blues, W.C. Handy.
Mr. Crump ran for mayor of Memphis the first time in 1909.
At that time, it was similar to New York with Tammany Hall—there were ward
heelers, a “saloonocracy.” They would gather as many votes as they could.
One of the saloon bosses decided to support Mr. Crump—Jim
Mulcahy. He ran the [saloon] where W.C. Handy performed, and brought W.C. Handy
to the Crump campaign. The result was “Mr. Crump,” [also known as] “Memphis
Blues”—the first hit composition in the history of blues music, a craze that
lasted another 50-60 years. Politics and music go together very well….
Q: How would you describe the history of race relations in
Memphis during the period you examine?
A: I would say relative to the rest of the South, Memphis
for black people from the end of the Civil War through the beginning of World
War II was [similar] in how brutal the police could be and how difficult it
could be to make a decent living due to a racist playing field.
At the same time, it was exceptionally promising. The black
vote, restricted, banned, made illegal in other parts of the South, was more or
less unrestricted in Memphis. Black people stayed in the practice of voting.
One, Robert Church Sr., really founded Beale Street. Robert
Church Jr. became probably the most powerful black politician in the country.
Race relations were both as bad as they could be in the South in Memphis—a
number of lynchings took place—but as promising as they could be in the South. It’s
a real enigma….
Q: Of the various intriguing figures you discuss in the
book, is there one the particularly captured your imagination?
A: It’s hard to say. I have a lot of favorites. The big
guys, Robert Church Sr. and Robert Church Jr., the way they so skillfully dealt
with all the challenges of being black, yet still were able not only to succeed
[but] to turn the tables on white people.
For Robert Church Sr. to build whorehouses in the South,
staffed by white women…it was about as audacious an accomplishment as you can
find. The same goes for his son and his political accomplishments. Nobody was
offering assistance for him to build a black voting block…
For a more elusive character, there’s Red Lawrence. He was
noted as a killer on Beale Street. I heard all these stories about him, of what
a fearsome character Red Lawrence was. He was very much mixed up in the same
political atmosphere regarding Boss Crump….
Q: What is Beale Street like today?
A: Now it’s a tourist attraction. If you’re familiar with
Bourbon Street in New Orleans, it’s similar to that. It’s a great legendary
street with an aura to it, but all the action in the book takes place on two
blocks, and they’re not long blocks.
Today, about two or three blocks of it is separate as a
tourist district. It’s all neon lights, dance clubs, a place to go and buy
potent [drinks]. It’s where everybody goes to party. There’s some history
there, but for the most part, it’s devoted to nightlife.
Q: Are you working on another book?
A: I’m working on a sequel to this. Beale Street Dynasty
ends in 1940. This book picks up in the mid-50s.
--Interview with Deborah Kalb
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