Ethan Michaeli is the author of the new book The Defender: How the Legendary Black Newspaper Changed America. He worked at The Defender from 1991-1996, and his work has also appeared in a variety of publications, including The Nation and The Forward. He founded We the People Media, a nonprofit organization, and its affiliated publication, Residents' Journal. He is based in Chicago.
Q: You worked at The Defender in the 1990s. What did you
learn from working there, and why did you decide to write a book about the
paper’s history?
A: I didn’t know anything about race in America, African
American history, Chicago history, and the history of African Americans in
Chicago when I got to The Defender. It all was a blind spot in my education….
The time I spent at The Defender was transformative…I
learned about The Defender’s pivotal role in American history. I always felt it
deserved a book. I started to get the ambition to write nonfiction, and no one
else had told the story and it deserved to be told.
It came to me slowly. At times I thought it would be better
to do a memoir about my time at The Defender, but at the end I thought the best
way would be to walk the reader through the history of the paper.
Q: You begin the book with a preface set in 2004 featuring
Barack Obama, then a senatorial candidate. Why did you choose that episode as
the book’s opening section?
A: President Obama really is the end product of more than a
century of organizing and planning and building on the part of the African
American community in Chicago. From the earliest moments of African Americans
coming to the city, they saw politics as a nonviolent way to win back some of
the rights won in the Civil War and then taken away…
The project began in the early 20th century with
Ed Wright, Chicago’s first African American committeeman. It is a party
position, and actually was an official rank that you [needed] to get into the smoke-filled rooms where they
divided up jobs…
Oscar De Priest was the first African American congressman
[in the 20th century], and the only African American legislator on
the federal level for quite some time…Harold Washington was the first African
American mayor [of Chicago].
These were all signposts to launching Barack Obama as the
ultimate expression of this political project. It’s good to start at the end
and work your way back.
I would have written the book no matter what, but it’s true
that President Obama’s election put the Chicago African American community on
the radar screen of pundits and publishers.
Q: How would you describe the paper’s role in the Great
Migration? What about the civil rights movement of the 1960s?
A: In the Great Migration, The Defender was an essential
part of making Chicago a destination for the Great Migration.
[Defender founder] Robert Abbott was born in rural Georgia
and had a European-educated stepfather who gave him a great foundation in
education. He went to the Hampton Institute and had a law degree.
He was exceptionally well qualified, though because he was
African American, was from the South, and had a dark complexion, that prevented
him from getting work…
He knew the labor unions in Chicago were discriminating
against African Americans. He didn’t see much point in masses of African
Americans coming from the South to the North, because there wasn’t much
opportunity for them. Many worked on the trains or in service or in the red
light district. These were not big employers.
Then World War I changed things. The number of European
immigrants stopped, and the demand for American products surged, especially
foodstuffs and factory goods.
They needed workers, and an easily available labor force was
African Americans in the South. Abbott still didn’t support it because there
[also] was a need in the cities in the South.
What changed is that Abbott saw that the departure of
skilled workers from the South hurt the South. He saw a report about stevedores
from Jacksonville, Florida, who left to work at a port in New Jersey. The white
managers could not replace them, and couldn’t train workers fast enough.
When Robert Abbott saw that, that it was going to hurt the
South, that’s when he began to write editorials, and said, come to the North,
Chicago in particular, [using this] as a weapon against Jim Crow…
In the Civil Rights movement, there was a similar approach.
The Defender was very enthusiastic about the civil rights movement when it saw
the civil rights movement could be an effective weapon against Jim Crow
segregation.
It became enthusiastic about Martin Luther King [during] the
Montgomery Bus Boycott. It saw him as a perfect spokesman…The Defender was
defending him before other media; it kept him alive [during the early]
movement.
The Defender became a daily at that time, to keep up with
the demands of its readership, and to keep up with the white-owned press in
coverage of the civil rights movement.
It kept them honest and on point. Defender reporters were
there side by side with white reporters from The New York Times and The Boston
Globe. They helped to define the coverage.
They were there to chart the signposts of the movement. When
Black Power became a significant force, The Defender noted its arrival. On the
editorial page, they said…Let’s give them support. A few months later, they
said, OK, start to refine your message, keep the momentum going.
The Defender played a nuanced role in the civil rights
movement. The movement was a set of organizations operating in a new space,
between the standard political world and the world of civic organizations.
Q: How is the paper doing today, and what would you say is
its legacy?
A: The paper today has a very small circulation. It’s back
to a weekly—about 5,000 circulation. It still punches above its weight class.
At moments when people are hungry for the perspective of the African American
community, the paper gets a surge of interest and its editors are brought into
other media as spokespeople.
It’s challenged because it doesn’t have the resources it
needs, and its staff is stretched, but that’s always been true.
The African American community in Chicago remains as
politically astute and organized as it has been. In the last election, African
American voters threw out a prosecutor who had done a lousy job prosecuting
police accused of abuse. The Defender knew that was coming and was part of that
editorially.
They knew the Bernie Sanders campaign had not made
sufficient inroads into the African American community, and knew he wouldn’t do
well in Illinois. Illinois was a bellwether, and showed there was no way any candidate
could win without getting the African American vote, which is decisive in a
Democratic campaign.
The current editor and publisher are working very hard to
keep the legacy of the paper and its reputation intact.
The legacy also includes the Bud Billiken Parade, the
premier social/political event for the African American community in Chicago
and beyond. Every politician who hopes to get the African American vote has to
show up…
The legacy is broader. It includes individuals and family
members who have graduated from The Defender and benefited from being a part of
it.
Q: Are you working on another book?
A: I’m just about finished with a proposal…It will be
different, on a broader, more international level, but still focusing on what
happens to people when they’re oppressed and flee somewhere and make a place a
bastion of resistance.
Q: Anything else we should know?
A: I’m super-grateful to everyone—the book’s had a nice
response, and I’m especially grateful to former staffers at The Defender who
have come out to support the book and come to events and contacted me. I’m so
moved by that.
My biggest hope for the book is that I would get it right
for them. It was a special, amazing place to work. According to the ones I’ve
spoken to, I did, and I’m very appreciative!
--Interview with Deborah Kalb
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