Srinath Raghavan is the author of the new book India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia. His other work includes the book 1971: A Global History of the Creation of Bangladesh. He is a senior fellow at the Centre for Policy Research in New Delhi.
Q: How did you research India's War, and was there anything
that particularly surprised you in the course of your research?
A: The book involved research in several official and
private archives and collections in India and Britain as well as the United
States and Australia.
The one thing which did surprise me was the extent of the
United States' involvement in India during the war. While I was aware of this
dimension, the sheer scale of the American contribution--not just in terms of
material but construction of military infrastructure and management of
logistics as well as military planning--was striking.
I was surprised, for instance, to learn that the crucial
railway line connecting Calcutta with the Burma front was directly operated by
two battalions of the U.S. Army for over two years!
Q: How did the Indian Army change during the World War II
years?
A: In many ways. First, the Indian Army went from being a
200,000-strong constabulary force focused on policing the North-West Frontier
(now in Pakistan) to 2.5 million men under arms in 1945. It was the largest
volunteer force in Second World War.
Second, the army had also to equip, train and fight modern
industrial warfare. Most battalions had never seen a truck let alone a tank.
In a further twist, from late 1942 the army had to undergo
another round of reorganisation and training to fight the Japanese in the
jungles of Burma. This meant giving up a lot of the mechanised kit and bringing
old-fashioned animal transport, including elephants.
Third, the social composition of the army changed
considerably during these years. The pre-war army was recruited from a small
set of communities that the British regarded as “martial races” and somehow
uniquely suited for warfare. Prominent examples would include the Gurkhas and
Sikhs.
But the scale of the army's expansion means that many other
groups, especially from southern India and socially marginal communities, had
to be brought in to the army.
Q: What are you working on now?
A: I am currently writing another book (also to be published
by Basic Books), which looks at the United States' involvement in South Asia
(India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Burma) from the late 19th century up
to the present.
By looking at the changing contours of American engagement
with the region over the long 20th century, I hope to write a history that will
speak directly to our times.
Q: Anything else we should know?
A: I spent six years in the Indian Army as an infantry
officer. My regiment participated in almost every theatre of the army's
involvement from South-East Asia to the Middle East, North Africa to
Italy. Although this is my third book, it is one that I have wanted to
write ever since my own days in uniform.
--Interview with Deborah Kalb
My father, an officer in the U.S. Army, was stationed in India during the Second World War. He once told me the U.S. participation in India had been ignored by the historians. Sounds as though Mr. Raghavan has corrected that lapse.
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