Thomas Forrest Kelly is the author of the new book Capturing Music: The Story of Notation. His other books include First Nights: Five Musical Premieres and First Nights at the Opera. He is professor of music at Harvard University, and he lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Q: Why did you decide to write Capturing Music?
A: The idea came from my wife Peggy Badenhausen, a painter, who wondered why I had written general-audiences
books about music (First Nights, Yale 2000) and opera (First Nights at the
Opera, Yale 2004), but not about the area of my scholarly research. So I
thought I’d give it a try.
My hope here is to interest people who are fascinated by the
invention of technology in the past. There was Dava Sobel’s Longitude, about
how hard it is to figure out how far around the earth you are; and Ross King’s
Brunelleschi’s Dome, about the problem of covering Florence Cathedral.
I thought I’d try to explore the amazing invention of the
first recording device for music—that is, musical notation. Whoever thought of
making marks on a piece of parchment to represent the sound of a song, and used
that parchment later, in another place, to reproduce the same song, started
something without which we would know nothing of the music of the past.
Q: One of the intriguing characters in your book is Guido
the Monk, who came up with a key development in the notation of music. What
role did he play, and why were monks often the innovators on the musical front?
A: Guido really was an innovator. He operated at several
monasteries, but it was his work in Arezzo that gets him his nickname of Guido
of Arezzo; his project was to figure out a way to sing music from a book when
you did not yet know the song (up until then notation was a reminder, not a
prescriber).
And he did it: he invented the lines and spaces that define
what each note is; he also came up with the names we still use for notes; Ut,
Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La (one of them later got changed to Do, so that Rodgers and
Hammerstein could write The Sound of Music).
Why monks? Well, for most of the Middle Ages, the only
people who needed to know how to write were church people, clerical people,
that is, clerks (same word as cleric). They needed bibles, prayer books, chant
books, etc.
So although there was lots of music, we’re sure-- people
have always danced, sung to their children, etc.—the only people who wrote down
music, for a long time, were church folks.
Q: You discuss the role of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame in
the notation of musical rhythm. How did their composers figure out this new
development?
A: How did they do it? I wish I know. It might have been
from the need to coordinate multiple singers singing different parts at the
same time; the result is a wonderful, mesmerizing, repeating rhythmic
patterning that fits perfectly with the many repetitions of bays and arches in
Gothic architecture, and with the multi-faceted stained glass windows of the
cathedrals.
Q: You write, "We speak of 'reading' music as though it
were the same thing as language." How are they similar, and how do they
differ?
A: They are alike, of course, and in fact they can happen at
the same time, when we sing a song. And notation, originally, was tied to
writing, because it began as signs describing how to sing words.
But there can be music without words, just as there can be
words without music. They use different parts of the brain, as we know. And
when words and music come together the result can be magical.
Q: What are you working on now?
A: I’m writing a book on medieval scrolls. Why, after the
invention of the codex, did people still make scrolls? They did, and I’ve
collected information on surviving medieval scrolls.
Some of the reasons for making a scroll: when you want to
add to it, and thus you don’t know how long it will be when you start (we say
“enroll,” which means to add to a roll or scroll); when you want a little
scroll to hold in your hand in performance or rehearsal (we still say an
actor’s rôle); when you want something archaic and ceremonial (like our modern
diplomas); there are some fascinating objects, and I hope to make a beautiful
book (it will unfortunately probably have to be in codex form).
Q: Anything else we should know?
A: I’m developing an online course for HarvardX based on my course (and related book) First Nights, which will probably launch next
summer….
--Interview with Deborah Kalb
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